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英語學習:英語八大時態(tài)用法詳解

時間:2018-09-28 15:49:00   來源:無憂考網(wǎng)     [字體: ]
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一般現(xiàn)在時

1. 概念:表示經(jīng)常、反復發(fā)生的動作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。

2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):

(1)主語+ be動詞(is / am / are)+表語

(2)主語+ 行為動詞的原形或單數(shù)第三人稱形式+其他

否定形式:

(1)am / is /are + not;

(2)謂語動詞若為行為動詞,則在其前加don’t,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用doesn’t,同時行為動詞還原為原形。

3. 一般疑問句:

(1)把is / am / are動詞放于句首;

(2)用助動詞do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時還原行為動詞。

4. 用法:

(1)表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。

如:I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

(2)表示客觀真理,客觀存在或科學事實。

如:The earth moves around the sun.

(3)表示格言或警句。

如:Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。

注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。

如:Columbus proved that the earth is round.

(4)表示現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性等。

如:I don’t want so much.

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.

(5)一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來含義

① come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。

如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

— When does the bus star?

— It stars in ten minutes.

② 在時間或條件狀語句中。

如:When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.

I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

一般過去時

1. 概念:表示過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài);過去習慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作或行為。

2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):

(1)主語+ was / were +表語

(2)主語+ 行為動詞的過去式 +其他

否定形式:

(1)was / were + not;

(2)在行為動詞前加didn’t,同時還原行為動詞。

一般疑問句:

(1)was或were放于句首;

(2)用助動詞do的過去式did 提問,同時還原行為動詞。

3. 用法:

(1)在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。

時間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

如:Where did you go just now?

(2)表示在過去一段時間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作。

如:When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

注意:used to do sth“過去常常做某事”,表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。

如:Mother used not to be so forgetful. 媽媽過去沒這么健忘。

現(xiàn)在進行時

1. 概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。

2. 時間狀語:now, at this time, these days等.

3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + am / is /are + doing

否定形式:主語 + am / is / are + not + doing

一般疑問句:把be動詞放于句首。

4. 用法:

(1)表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時)正在發(fā)生的事情。

如:We are waiting for you.

(2)表示長期的或重復性的動作,說話時動作未必正在進行。

如:Mr Green is writing another novel. (說話時并不一定在寫小說)

(3)表示動作的漸變,這樣的動詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。

如:The leaves are turning red.

It’s getting warmer and warmer.

(4)與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。

如:You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。

(5)用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來

下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬間動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時可以表示將來。

如:I’m leaving tomorrow.

過去進行時

1. 概念:表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發(fā)生或進行的行為或動作。

如:My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.

2. 時間狀語:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。

3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + was / were + doing

否定形式:主語 + was / were + not + doing

一般疑問句:把was或were放于句首。

4. 用法:

(1)過去進行時表示過去某段時間內(nèi)持續(xù)進行的動作或者事情。

如:We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.

(2)過去進行時可以表示在過去某個時間點發(fā)生的事情。時間點可以用介詞短語、副詞或從句來表示。

如:What was she doing at nine o’clock yesterday? (介詞短語表示時間點)

She was doing her homework then. (副詞表示時間點)

When I saw him he was decorating his room. (when從句表示時間點)

(3)在復合句中,如果主要動作和背景動作都是延續(xù)的或同時發(fā)生的,那么主從句的動詞都可用過去進行時。

如:When he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. (兩個動作都是延續(xù)的)

He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. (兩個動作同時進行或主句的動作發(fā)生在從句的動作過程中)

一般將來時

1. 概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計劃或準備做某事。

2. 時間狀語:tomorrow, next day (week, month, year), soon, in a few minutes, by the day after tomorrow等。

3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):

(1)主語 + am / is / are / going to do sth;

(2)主語 + will do sth。

否定形式:

(1)主語 + am / is /are + not + going to do sth

(2)主語 + will not(won’t) do sth

一般疑問句:

(1)am / is / are放于句首;

(2)will置于句首。

4. will主要用于以下三個方面:

(1)表示主觀意愿的將來。

如:They will go to visit the factory tomorrow.

(2)表示不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的客觀的將來。

如:Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday.

He will be thirty years old this time next year.

(3)表示臨時決定,通常用于對話中。

— Mary has been ill for a week.

— Oh, I didn’t know. I will go and see her.

5. be going to主要用于以下兩個方面:

(1)表示事先經(jīng)過考慮、打算、計劃要做某事。

如:Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon.

今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌劇。

(2)表示根據(jù)目前某種跡象判斷,某事非常有可能發(fā)生,表示推測。

如:Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain.

瞧!烏云密集。天要下雨了。

過去將來時

1. 概念:立足于過去某一時刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語從句中。

2. 時間狀語:the next day (morning, year), the following month (week)等。

3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):

(1)主語 + was / were / going to do sth

(2)主語 + would do sth

否定形式:

(1)主語 + was / were / not + going to do sth

(2)主語 + would + not + do sth

一般疑問句:

(1)was或were放于句首;

(2)would 提到句首。

4. 用法:

(1)“would + 動詞原形”常表示主觀意愿的將來。

如:He said he would come to see me. 他說他要來看我。

(2)“was / were + going to + 動詞原形”常表示按計劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。

如:She said she was going to start off at once.

I was told that he was going to return home.

此結(jié)構(gòu)還可表示根據(jù)某種跡象來看,很可能或即將發(fā)生的事情。

如:It seemed as if it was going to rain. 看來好像要下雨。

(3)come,go,leave,arrive,start等瞬時動詞可用過去進行時表示過去將來的含義。

如:He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.

She told me she was coming to see me.

現(xiàn)在完成時

1. 概念:過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過去已經(jīng)開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且有可能繼續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)。

2. 時間狀語:recently, lately, since, for, in the past few years等。

3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + have / has + done +其他

否定形式:主語 + have / has + not +done +其他

一般疑問句:Have / Has +主語 + done +其他

4. since的三種用法:

(1) since +過去的一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。

如:I have been here since 1989.

(2) since +一段時間+ ago。

如:I have been here since five months ago.

(3)since +從句(一般過去時)。

如:Great changes have taken place since you left.

比較since和for

since 用來說明動作起始時間,for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間的長度。

如:We haven’t had any guests since we moved in here.

I have lived here for more than twenty years.

注意:并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時。

I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)

過去完成時

1. 概念:以過去某個時間為參照,在此以前發(fā)生的動作或行為,或在過去某動作之前已完成的動作,即“過去的過去”。

2. 時間狀語:before, by the end of last year(term, month)等。

3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + had done +其他

否定形式:主語 + hadn’t done +其他

一般疑問句:had置于句首。

4. 用法:

(1)用于told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句中。

如:She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

(2)在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中,發(fā)生在先的動作用過去完成時;發(fā)生在后的動作用一般過去時。

如:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

(3)表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等用過去完成時表示“原本······,未能······”。

如:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.

注意: had hardly… when ... 剛······就······。

如:I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我剛打開門,他就打了我。

had no sooner…than 剛······就······。

如:He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車,轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。