一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1. 概念:表示經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。
2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):
(1)主語+ be動(dòng)詞(is / am / are)+表語
(2)主語+ 行為動(dòng)詞的原形或單數(shù)第三人稱形式+其他
否定形式:
(1)am / is /are + not;
(2)謂語動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞,則在其前加don’t,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用doesn’t,同時(shí)行為動(dòng)詞還原為原形。
3. 一般疑問句:
(1)把is / am / are動(dòng)詞放于句首;
(2)用助動(dòng)詞do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
4. 用法:
(1)表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。
如:I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
(2)表示客觀真理,客觀存在或科學(xué)事實(shí)。
如:The earth moves around the sun.
(3)表示格言或警句。
如:Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái) ?/p>
注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
如:Columbus proved that the earth is round.
(4)表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性等。
如:I don’t want so much.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
(5)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來含義
① come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。
如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
— When does the bus star?
— It stars in ten minutes.
② 在時(shí)間或條件狀語句中。
如:When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
一般過去時(shí)
1. 概念:表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或行為。
2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):
(1)主語+ was / were +表語
(2)主語+ 行為動(dòng)詞的過去式 +其他
否定形式:
(1)was / were + not;
(2)在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn’t,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
一般疑問句:
(1)was或were放于句首;
(2)用助動(dòng)詞do的過去式did 提問,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
3. 用法:
(1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
時(shí)間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
如:Where did you go just now?
(2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
如:When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
注意:used to do sth“過去常常做某事”,表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。
如:Mother used not to be so forgetful. 媽媽過去沒這么健忘。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。
2. 時(shí)間狀語:now, at this time, these days等.
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + am / is /are + doing
否定形式:主語 + am / is / are + not + doing
一般疑問句:把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。
4. 用法:
(1)表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。
如:We are waiting for you.
(2)表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。
如:Mr Green is writing another novel. (說話時(shí)并不一定在寫小說)
(3)表示動(dòng)作的漸變,這樣的動(dòng)詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
如:The leaves are turning red.
It’s getting warmer and warmer.
(4)與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。
如:You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
(5)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來
下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬間動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。
如:I’m leaving tomorrow.
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 概念:表示過去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。
如:My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
2. 時(shí)間狀語:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語等。
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + was / were + doing
否定形式:主語 + was / were + not + doing
一般疑問句:把was或were放于句首。
4. 用法:
(1)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者事情。
如:We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
(2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)發(fā)生的事情。時(shí)間點(diǎn)可以用介詞短語、副詞或從句來表示。
如:What was she doing at nine o’clock yesterday? (介詞短語表示時(shí)間點(diǎn))
She was doing her homework then. (副詞表示時(shí)間點(diǎn))
When I saw him he was decorating his room. (when從句表示時(shí)間點(diǎn))
(3)在復(fù)合句中,如果主要?jiǎng)幼骱捅尘皠?dòng)作都是延續(xù)的或同時(shí)發(fā)生的,那么主從句的動(dòng)詞都可用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
如:When he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. (兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是延續(xù)的)
He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. (兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行或主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作過程中)
一般將來時(shí)
1. 概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。
2. 時(shí)間狀語:tomorrow, next day (week, month, year), soon, in a few minutes, by the day after tomorrow等。
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):
(1)主語 + am / is / are / going to do sth;
(2)主語 + will do sth。
否定形式:
(1)主語 + am / is /are + not + going to do sth
(2)主語 + will not(won’t) do sth
一般疑問句:
(1)am / is / are放于句首;
(2)will置于句首。
4. will主要用于以下三個(gè)方面:
(1)表示主觀意愿的將來。
如:They will go to visit the factory tomorrow.
(2)表示不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的客觀的將來。
如:Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday.
He will be thirty years old this time next year.
(3)表示臨時(shí)決定,通常用于對話中。
— Mary has been ill for a week.
— Oh, I didn’t know. I will go and see her.
5. be going to主要用于以下兩個(gè)方面:
(1)表示事先經(jīng)過考慮、打算、計(jì)劃要做某事。
如:Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon.
今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌劇。
(2)表示根據(jù)目前某種跡象判斷,某事非常有可能發(fā)生,表示推測。
如:Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
瞧!烏云密集。天要下雨了。
過去將來時(shí)
1. 概念:立足于過去某一時(shí)刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語從句中。
2. 時(shí)間狀語:the next day (morning, year), the following month (week)等。
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):
(1)主語 + was / were / going to do sth
(2)主語 + would do sth
否定形式:
(1)主語 + was / were / not + going to do sth
(2)主語 + would + not + do sth
一般疑問句:
(1)was或were放于句首;
(2)would 提到句首。
4. 用法:
(1)“would + 動(dòng)詞原形”常表示主觀意愿的將來。
如:He said he would come to see me. 他說他要來看我。
(2)“was / were + going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”常表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。
如:She said she was going to start off at once.
I was told that he was going to return home.
此結(jié)構(gòu)還可表示根據(jù)某種跡象來看,很可能或即將發(fā)生的事情。
如:It seemed as if it was going to rain. 看來好像要下雨。
(3)come,go,leave,arrive,start等瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞可用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來的含義。
如:He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.
She told me she was coming to see me.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1. 概念:過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過去已經(jīng)開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且有可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
2. 時(shí)間狀語:recently, lately, since, for, in the past few years等。
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + have / has + done +其他
否定形式:主語 + have / has + not +done +其他
一般疑問句:Have / Has +主語 + done +其他
4. since的三種用法:
(1) since +過去的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。
如:I have been here since 1989.
(2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。
如:I have been here since five months ago.
(3)since +從句(一般過去時(shí))。
如:Great changes have taken place since you left.
比較since和for
since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間的長度。
如:We haven’t had any guests since we moved in here.
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
注意:并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
過去完成時(shí)
1. 概念:以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為參照,在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為,或在過去某動(dòng)作之前已完成的動(dòng)作,即“過去的過去”。
2. 時(shí)間狀語:before, by the end of last year(term, month)等。
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + had done +其他
否定形式:主語 + hadn’t done +其他
一般疑問句:had置于句首。
4. 用法:
(1)用于told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中。
如:She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
(2)在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先的動(dòng)作用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后的動(dòng)作用一般過去時(shí)。
如:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等用過去完成時(shí)表示“原本······,未能······”。
如:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
注意: had hardly… when ... 剛······就······。
如:I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我剛打開門,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛······就······。
如:He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車,轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。