一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1. 概念：表示經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。
2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：
（1）主語+ be動(dòng)詞（is / am / are）+表語
（2）主語+ 行為動(dòng)詞的原形或單數(shù)第三人稱形式+其他
否定形式：
（1）am / is /are + not；
（2）謂語動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞，則在其前加don’t，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用doesn’t，同時(shí)行為動(dòng)詞還原為原形。
3. 一般疑問句：
（1）把is / am / are動(dòng)詞放于句首；
（2）用助動(dòng)詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
4. 用法：
（1）表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。
如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
（2）表示客觀真理，客觀存在或科學(xué)事實(shí)。
如：The earth moves around the sun.
（3）表示格言或警句。
如：Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái) ?/p>
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
如：Columbus proved that the earth is round.
（4）表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性等。
如：I don’t want so much.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
（5）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來含義
① come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。
如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
— When does the bus star?
— It stars in ten minutes.
② 在時(shí)間或條件狀語句中。
如：When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
一般過去時(shí)
1. 概念：表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或行為。
2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：
（1）主語+ was / were +表語
（2）主語+ 行為動(dòng)詞的過去式 +其他
否定形式：
（1）was / were + not；
（2）在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn’t，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
一般疑問句：
（1）was或were放于句首；
（2）用助動(dòng)詞do的過去式did 提問，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。
3. 用法：
（1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
如：Where did you go just now?
（2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
注意：used to do sth“過去常常做某事”，表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。
如：Mother used not to be so forgetful. 媽媽過去沒這么健忘。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。
2. 時(shí)間狀語：now, at this time, these days等.
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + am / is /are + doing
否定形式：主語 + am / is / are + not + doing
一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。
4. 用法：
（1）表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。
如：We are waiting for you.
（2）表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。
如：Mr Green is writing another novel. (說話時(shí)并不一定在寫小說)
（3）表示動(dòng)作的漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
如：The leaves are turning red.
It’s getting warmer and warmer.
（4）與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。
如：You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
（5）用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來
下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬間動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。
如：I’m leaving tomorrow.
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1. 概念：表示過去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。
如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
2. 時(shí)間狀語：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語等。
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + was / were + doing
否定形式：主語 + was / were + not + doing
一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首。
4. 用法：
（1）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者事情。
如：We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
（2）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)發(fā)生的事情。時(shí)間點(diǎn)可以用介詞短語、副詞或從句來表示。
如：What was she doing at nine o’clock yesterday? (介詞短語表示時(shí)間點(diǎn))
She was doing her homework then. （副詞表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)）
When I saw him he was decorating his room. (when從句表示時(shí)間點(diǎn))
（3）在復(fù)合句中，如果主要?jiǎng)幼骱捅尘皠?dòng)作都是延續(xù)的或同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么主從句的動(dòng)詞都可用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
如：When he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. (兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是延續(xù)的)
He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. （兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行或主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作過程中）
一般將來時(shí)
1. 概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。
2. 時(shí)間狀語：tomorrow, next day (week, month, year), soon, in a few minutes, by the day after tomorrow等。
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：
（1）主語 + am / is / are / going to do sth；
（2）主語 + will do sth。
否定形式：
（1）主語 + am / is /are + not + going to do sth
（2）主語 + will not（won’t） do sth
一般疑問句：
（1）am / is / are放于句首；
（2）will置于句首。
4. will主要用于以下三個(gè)方面：
（1）表示主觀意愿的將來。
如：They will go to visit the factory tomorrow.
（2）表示不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的客觀的將來。
如：Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday.
He will be thirty years old this time next year.
（3）表示臨時(shí)決定，通常用于對話中。
— Mary has been ill for a week.
— Oh, I didn’t know. I will go and see her.
5. be going to主要用于以下兩個(gè)方面：
（1）表示事先經(jīng)過考慮、打算、計(jì)劃要做某事。
如：Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon.
今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌劇。
（2）表示根據(jù)目前某種跡象判斷，某事非常有可能發(fā)生，表示推測。
如：Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
瞧！烏云密集。天要下雨了。
過去將來時(shí)
1. 概念：立足于過去某一時(shí)刻，從過去看將來，常用于賓語從句中。
2. 時(shí)間狀語：the next day (morning, year), the following month (week)等。
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：
（1）主語 + was / were / going to do sth
（2）主語 + would do sth
否定形式：
（1）主語 + was / were / not + going to do sth
（2）主語 + would + not + do sth
一般疑問句：
（1）was或were放于句首；
（2）would 提到句首。
4. 用法：
（1）“would + 動(dòng)詞原形”常表示主觀意愿的將來。
如：He said he would come to see me. 他說他要來看我。
（2）“was / were + going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”常表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。
如：She said she was going to start off at once.
I was told that he was going to return home.
此結(jié)構(gòu)還可表示根據(jù)某種跡象來看，很可能或即將發(fā)生的事情。
如：It seemed as if it was going to rain. 看來好像要下雨。
（3）come，go，leave，arrive，start等瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞可用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來的含義。
如：He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.
She told me she was coming to see me.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1. 概念：過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且有可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
2. 時(shí)間狀語：recently, lately, since, for, in the past few years等。
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + have / has + done +其他
否定形式：主語 + have / has + not +done +其他
一般疑問句：Have / Has +主語 + done +其他
4. since的三種用法：
（1） since +過去的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。
如：I have been here since 1989.
（2） since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。
如：I have been here since five months ago.
（3）since +從句（一般過去時(shí)）。
如：Great changes have taken place since you left.
比較since和for
since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間的長度。
如：We haven’t had any guests since we moved in here.
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
過去完成時(shí)
1. 概念：以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為參照，在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，或在過去某動(dòng)作之前已完成的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去”。
2. 時(shí)間狀語：before, by the end of last year(term, month)等。
3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + had done +其他
否定形式：主語 + hadn’t done +其他
一般疑問句：had置于句首。
4. 用法：
（1）用于told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中。
如：She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
（2）在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先的動(dòng)作用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后的動(dòng)作用一般過去時(shí)。
如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
（3）表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等用過去完成時(shí)表示“原本······，未能······”。
如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
注意： had hardly… when ... 剛······就······。
如：I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛······就······。
如：He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。
