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英語翻譯指導:2013年初級筆譯實用翻譯技巧

時間:2013-11-13 15:51:00   來源:無憂考網(wǎng)     [字體: ]
翻譯中一種意思可用多種形式表達。翻譯的多樣性表現(xiàn)在各個層面,小到一個詞,大到一個篇章,即所謂意一言多。在翻譯中注意譯文的多樣性也是十分重要的。在同一篇文章、同一部文學作品中,同樣的一個詞匯、同樣的一個詞組、同樣的一個成語、同樣的一個句子往往會反復(fù)使用。如果把它們翻譯得千篇一律,譯文就會顯得詞語貧乏、枯燥無味。在不同的上下文中,對這些詞匯、詞組、成語、句子用不同的譯文進行處理,而譯出同樣的語意,就能使整篇譯文或整部譯著詞語豐富、生動活潑。

  一、英語詞匯翻譯的多樣性

  在William Thackeray的小說Vanity Fair(名利場)一書中,作者描繪女子學校校長巴巴拉·平克頓給其學生寫的推薦書時是這樣寫的:

  1.Although schoolmistresses’ letters are to be trusted no more nor less than churchyard epitaphs;yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life,who is really deserving of all the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones;who is a good Christian,a good parent,child,wife or husband;who actually does leave a disconsolate family to morn his loss;...

  這一段楊必先生譯為:

  一般說來,校長的信和墓志銘一樣靠不住。不過偶然也有幾個死人當?shù)闷鹗晨淘谒麄冃喙巧系暮迷,真的是虔誠的教徒,慈愛的父母,孝順的兒女,盡職的丈夫,賢良的妻子,他們家里的人也真的哀思綿綿地追悼他們。

  一個“good”,譯得何等文采風流!“虔誠的”、“慈愛的”、“孝順的”、“賢良的”、“盡職的”不都是在具體語境中從“好的”一詞升華出來的嗎?

  2.A thin man in a thin overcoat watched them out of thin, emotionless eyes.(James Thurber:One Is A Wanderer)

  一個骨瘦如柴、衣服單薄、雙目失神的男子注視著他們。

  I am busy today.

  I have a busy day.(……)

  3.Some fishing boats were becalmed lust in front of us.Their shadows slept,or almost slept, upon the water,a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep,or if sleep,that it was sleep with dreams.

  眼前不遠,漁舟三五,凝滯不前,檣影斜映水上,仿佛睡去,偶爾微見顫動,似又未曾熟睡,恍若驚夢。

  這是一個充滿詩情畫意的段落。其中sleep(slept)一詞出現(xiàn)五次,如果將它們逐個譯成“睡”字,大煞風景。譯者經(jīng)過處理,只譯出其中三 個,分別為“斜映”、“睡去”、“熟睡”,無一簡單重復(fù),而另有兩個隱去。譯得如此豐富多彩,首先在于對原文意蘊的深入發(fā)掘和理解。同時也有賴于譯者運用 語言的嫻熟手法。

  4.A great company came to the exhibition.(a group of people)

  許多人參加了展覽會。

  The company are now enjoying a feast.(a number of people combined with a common purpose)

  那一行人正在進餐。

  He kept me company.(He is my guest)

  他是我的客人。

  We have company today.(invited guest)

  今天我們請客。

  The ship’s company assembled on the deck for inspection. (a ship’s crew)

  全體船員在甲板上等候檢閱。

  以上例句中都有一個“company”,在不同的語境中就有了不同的含義(見括號內(nèi)解釋)。又如:In married life three is company and two none.此句中的 “company”中的意思又與上面的例子不一樣,意思是“和諧”,所以全句的意思是“結(jié)婚以后,有了孩子才成其為家”。由此我們想到漢語的成語“兩個和 尚抬水吃,三個和尚沒水喝”可以譯成“In social life,two is company and three is none.”正確理解多義詞的關(guān)鍵是正確把握語境,也就是上下文,關(guān)于這一點我們還要進一步討論。

  二、英語短語(成語)翻譯的多樣性

  例:to be on tenterhooks(心情煩亂、焦急、緊張)

  1)She was on tenterhooks when she heard of her mother’s illness.

  她得知母親病了,坐立不安。

  2)He was on tenterhooks of expectation during our conversation.

  在我們談話時,他因有所期待而如坐針氈。

  3)I found him on tenterhooks when he was waiting for his girlfriend.

  我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在等女朋友時顯得局促不安。

  4)The President,being told of the strong earthquake in his country, was on tenterhooks every minute.

  得知本國發(fā)生了強烈地震,總統(tǒng)一直心亂如麻。

  5)His parents were on tenterhooks all the time until they got his letter.

  他的父母在收到他的信前,一直是那樣的心煩意亂。

  6)The students were on tenterhooks before the examination began.

  考試開始前,學生們的心里七上八下。

  7)The poor boy was on tenterhooks when his father was searching for a stick.

  那個可憐的男孩見父親到處找棍子,感到六神無主。

  8)The hen-pecked man was on tenterhooks when his wife scolded her way into the room.

  當妻子罵罵咧咧闖到房間來時,這個得了“氣管炎”的男人便有些手足無措。

  權(quán)威的英語詞典Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English對英語成語to be on tenterhooks的釋義有兩個:(1)to be in a worried,anxious,or nervous state of mind(心情煩亂、焦急、緊張);(2) to be in a state of anxious expectation(急切等待)。上面除了第二和第三個例句,里面的成語to be on tenterhooks都屬于第一個釋義。盡管第二、第三個例句中的成語有“等待”之意,但其側(cè)重點還是在于“等待造成的心情煩亂”。如果把上面例句中的 英語成語全都簡單地譯成“心情煩亂”或“心情緊張”,譯文就會顯得蒼白無力、枯燥無味。上面8個例句對句中同一個成語卻采用了多樣性譯法,譯文全部都采用 了四字格:“坐立不安”、“如坐針氈”、“局促不安”、“心亂如麻”、“心煩意亂”、“七上八下”、“六神無主”、“手足無措”。這8條漢語成語都是“心 情煩亂、焦急、緊張”的寫照。但是,我們也須仔細體會不同譯文之間在詞義的輕重程度上所存在的細微差距。它們中的大多數(shù)并不能相互替換。