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新概念英語第四冊Lesson17原文及翻譯

　　A man-made disease

　　人為的疾病

　　What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis?

　　In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits. It overran a whole continent. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created. Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population. It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.

　　Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis. It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate. It spread through France, Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as sport and a useful food supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry. The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.

　　RITCHIE CALDER Science Makes Sense

　　New words and expressions 生詞和短語

　　settlement

　　n. 新拓居地

　　enterprising

　　adj. 有事業(yè)心的

　　settler

　　n. 移居者

　　Antipodes

　　n. 新西蘭和澳大利亞(英)

　　promiscuous

　　adj. 雜亂的

　　abandon

　　n. 放任，縱情

　　overrun

　　v. 蔓延，泛濫

　　devastation

　　n. 破壞，劫掠

　　burrow

　　v. 挖、掘

　　susceptible

　　adj. 易受感染的

　　virus

　　n. 病毒

　　myxomatosis

　　n. 多發(fā)性粘液瘤

　　infect

　　v. 傳染

　　epidemic

　　n. 流行病

　　mosquito

　　n. 蚊蟲

　　carrier

　　n. 帶菌者

　　exterminate

　　v. 消滅

　　ironically

　　adv. 具有諷刺意味地

　　bequeath

　　v. 把...傳給

　　pest

　　n. 害蟲，有害動物

　　pestilence

　　n. 瘟疫

　　confine

　　n. 范圍

　　domesticate

　　v. 馴養(yǎng)

　　參考譯文

　　在澳大利亞移民初期，一些有創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的移民不明智地把歐洲兔子引進了澳大利亞。這種兔子在澳大利亞及新西蘭沒有天敵，因此便以兔子所特有的雜亂交配迅猛繁殖起來。整個澳洲兔子成災。它們在地下打洞，吃掉本可以飼養(yǎng)數(shù)百萬頭牛羊的牧草，給澳洲大陸造成了毀滅性的破壞�？茖W家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種特殊品種的兔子(顯然不包括別的動物)易患一種叫“多發(fā)性粘液瘤”的致命毒性疾病。通過讓染上此病的動物在洞內亂跑，就可以使這種疾病在一個地區(qū)蔓延起來。后來又發(fā)現(xiàn)，有一種蚊子是傳播這種疾病的媒介，能把此病傳染給兔子。因此，世界上其他地方在設法消滅蚊子的時候，澳大利亞卻在促使這種蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把這種疾病擴散到整個澳洲大陸，效果甚佳，結果兔子的數(shù)目在為減少。后來，明顯看出，兔子對這種疾病已產生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消滅。但是，已有希望解決兔子所帶來的問題。

　　具有諷刺意味的是，歐洲把這種兔子作為有害動物傳給澳洲，而歐洲自己卻染上了這種人為的瘟疫般的疾病。一位法國內科醫(yī)生決定除掉自己莊園內的野兔子，于是引進了這種多發(fā)性粘液瘤疾病。然而，這種疾病并未被局限在他的莊園內，結果在整個法國蔓延開來。野兔在法國一般不被當作有害動物，而被視為打獵取樂的玩物和有用的食物來源。這種疾病又蔓延到了英國。在英國，野兔被當作有害的動物，可是家兔是賺錢的毛皮工業(yè)的基礎，然而家兔同樣易感染這種疾病。現(xiàn)在的問題是，人類能否控制住這種人為的疾病。

新概念英語第四冊Lesson18原文及翻譯

　　Porpoises

　　海豚

　　What would you say is the main characteristic of porpoises?

　　There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation. Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship. In 1928 some porpoises were photographer working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress. If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies. It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.

　　Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive. They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities. One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane. Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together. In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly. This knocks the turtle down several feet. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank. He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.

　　RALPH NADING HILL Window in the Sea

　　New words and expressions 生詞和短語

　　porpoise

　　n. 海豚

　　mariner

　　n. 水手

　　shark

　　n. 鯊魚

　　formation

　　n. 隊形

　　dolphin

　　n. 海豚科動物

　　unconscious

　　adj. 不省人事

　　beaver

　　n. 海貍

　　ashore

　　adv. 上岸

　　waterlogged

　　adj. 浸滿水的

　　scent

　　n. 香味

　　ensue

　　v. 接著發(fā)生

　　intrigue

　　v. 引起興趣

　　indignity

　　n. 侮辱

　　snout

　　n. 口鼻部

　　shove

　　v. 硬推

　　aquaplane

　　n. 駕浪滑水板

　　oceanarium

　　n. 水族館

　　swoop

　　v. 猛撲

　　belly

　　n. 腹部

　　equilibrium

　　n. 平衡

　　butt

　　v. 碰撞

　　crack

　　n. 重擊

　　參考譯文

　　長期以來，海員中流傳著一種迷信的說法，認為海豚會把快要淹死的人托到水面，救人性命;或在人們周圍列隊保護，使他們免遭鯊魚傷害。海洋攝影室的生物學家指出，無論海豚多么聰明，認為它們有救人的動機可能是錯誤的。當它們偶爾把一個失去知覺的人推到岸邊時，更大的可能是出于好奇或游戲，就像它們追逐被船首犁開的浪花一樣。1928年，有人拍攝到了海豚像海貍一樣把浸透水的床墊推上岸的情景。正如報道中所說，如果海豚保護人不受鯊魚侵害，那么它們可能是出于好奇;而鯊魚可能是聞到了可以美食一頓的香味。海豚和鯊魚是天然仇敵，雙方可能隨之發(fā)生搏斗，搏斗結果是海豚趕走或咬死鯊魚。

　　海豚對凡是活的東西都感興趣，不管是鳥、是魚，還是野獸。它們經常追逐海龜，海龜則溫順地忍受著各種侮辱。一只小海豚特別喜歡用鼻子把海龜推到水面，然后像滑水板一樣把海龜從水池的這一邊推到那一邊。幾乎每天都可以看到一只小海豚把鼻子頂入一只300磅重的海龜?shù)挠矚は旅�，拼命地把它翻過來。這并非易事，可能需要兩只海豚合伙干才行。在另一場游戲中，當海龜游過水族館時，第一只海豚從上方猛撲下去，用腹部撞擊龜殼。這一下子把海龜撞下去好幾英尺。海龜剛恢復平衡，第二只海豚又沖過來猛擊一下。這只海龜最終被撞到池底。此時的海龜，只要能站起來就滿足了，但它剛站起來，就被一只海豚擊倒。海龜終于屈服了，將4條腿縮進殼內。游戲到此結束。

新概念英語第四冊Lesson19原文及翻譯

　　The stuff of dreams

　　話說夢的本質

　　What is going on when a person experiences rapid eye-movements during sleep?

　　It is fairly clear that sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to e important. Speculations about is nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest. 'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down. The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active. In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.

　　If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting? This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors. First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less. The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental. Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep. He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid. People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming. When woken at other times they reported no dreams. If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were no exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.

　　CHRISHER EVANS The stuff of dreams from The Listener

　　New words and expressions 生詞和短語

　　speculation

　　n. 推測

　　literally

　　adv. 確實

　　odd

　　adj. 奇特的

　　tissue

　　n. 組織

　　plausible

　　adj. 似乎有理的

　　hypothesis

　　n. 假說

　　electroencephalograph

　　n. 腦電圖儀

　　electrode

　　n. 電極

　　scalp

　　n. 頭皮

　　psychiatrist

　　n. 精神病學家

　　punctuate

　　v. 不時介入

　　jerky

　　adj. 急動的

　　disorder

　　n. 失調

　　implication

　　n. 表明

　　參考譯文

　　很清楚，睡眠必然具有某種作用。睡眠占去那么多時間，所以其作用似乎還是很重要。人們對睡眠作用的種種猜測，確實有數(shù)千年之久。一項使人對這個問題感到困惑的奇怪的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不僅僅是為了使身體得到休息�！靶菹ⅰ�，從使肌肉得到放松等方面來看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能達到。人體組織在一定程度上有自我修補和自我恢復的能力，有張有弛地連續(xù)活動時，其功能。事實上，睡眠狀態(tài)下仍有著基本的活動量，以防止肌肉活動停止。

　　如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身體得到休息，那么也許是讓大腦得以休息?若不是下面兩點，這種假使似乎是有道理的。第一點，腦電圖記錄儀(不過是一種把電極接到頭皮上記錄腦電活動的儀器)顯示，人在睡眠時大腦活動的方式有變化，但沒有跡象表明，其活動總量有任何減少。第二點更有意思，也更重要。前些年，美國一位精神病學者發(fā)表了一篇報告，報告中記錄了眼球在睡眠時的活動情況。他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不時伴有一陣陣奇怪的眼球隊活動，這些活動有的飄忽而緩慢，有的急劇而快速。在眼球活動期間被叫醒的人都說自己在做夢;在其他期間叫醒他們，則說沒有做夢。如果有兩組人，一組人連續(xù)幾夜在眼球隊活動時被叫醒;另一組人也是連續(xù)幾夜被叫醒，但是在眼球隊沒活動時被叫醒的。結果，第一組人開始出現(xiàn)性格失常，而第二組人似乎沒受什么影響。這一切暗示我們：睡眠受到干憂沒關系，而做夢受到干憂是有問題的。