主旨大意題
這類題在設(shè)題時(shí)常會(huì)用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等詞。
1.歸納標(biāo)題特點(diǎn):短小精悍,一般多為一個(gè)短語(yǔ);涵蓋性強(qiáng),一般能覆蓋全文意思;精確性強(qiáng),表達(dá)范圍要恰當(dāng),不能隨意改變語(yǔ)意程度或色彩。常見命題形式有:What’s the best title for the text?The best title for this passage is ___.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
2. 概括大意題包括尋找段落大意(topic)和文章中心思想(main idea),常見命題形式有:What is the general/main idea of the passage?Which of the following expresses the main idea?What is the subject discussed in the text?The writer of the story wants to tell us that_____.The passage/ text is mainly about_____.What’s the article mainly about ?
3. 解題技巧閱讀理解文章多是議論文和說(shuō)明文,這兩種文體的結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為:提出問(wèn)題——論述問(wèn)題——得出結(jié)論或者闡明觀點(diǎn)。對(duì)于這類文章,抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾。主題句具有簡(jiǎn)潔性、概括性的特點(diǎn)。
細(xì)節(jié)理解題
考查內(nèi)容主要涉及時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果、數(shù)字等議論文中例證細(xì)節(jié)和定義類細(xì)節(jié)。這類題目的共同特點(diǎn)是:答案一般都能在文章中找到。
1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題→尋讀法
分為直接理解題和間接理解題,前者常用who, what, which, when, where, why和how提問(wèn),或判斷正誤;后者需與原文信息轉(zhuǎn)換,表達(dá)上與原文有差異。常見命題形式有:
What can we learn from the passage?
All the following are mentioned except?
Which of the following is mentioned (not mentioned)?
Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…?
2. 排列順序題→首尾定位法(找出第一個(gè)事件和最后一個(gè)事件,用排除法縮小范圍)
常出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說(shuō)明文中,一般按事件發(fā)生的順序。常見命題形式有:
Which of the following is the correct order of…?
Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph…?
3. 圖文匹配題→按圖索驥理清線索
設(shè)題形式:給出圖表,根據(jù)圖表提問(wèn)問(wèn)題。
4. 數(shù)字計(jì)算題→(方法:審題→帶著問(wèn)題找細(xì)節(jié)→對(duì)比、分析、計(jì)算)
可直接找到相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié),但需經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算方可找到答案。
推理判斷題
主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章中隱含或深層的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容做出合乎邏輯的推斷,包括考生對(duì)作者觀點(diǎn)的理解,態(tài)度的判斷,對(duì)修辭、語(yǔ)氣、隱含意思等的理解。題干關(guān)鍵詞:infer(推斷),indicate(象征,暗示), imply/suggest(暗示), conclude(作出結(jié)論), assume(假定,設(shè)想)。
1.細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息或借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷,常見命題形式有:It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.The author implies/ suggests that_____.We may infer that _________.Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?
2.預(yù)測(cè)推理判斷題根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇對(duì)文章接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容或可能的結(jié)局進(jìn)行猜測(cè),常見命題形式有:What do you think will happen if/when…?At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_____
3.推測(cè)文章來(lái)源或讀者對(duì)象常見命題形式有:The passage is probably take out of_____The passage would most likely be found in_____Where does this text probably come from?
4.寫作意圖、目的、態(tài)度推斷題詢問(wèn)寫作目的的題,選項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是:explain(解釋), prove (證明), persuade(勸說(shuō)), advise(勸告), comment(評(píng)論), praise(贊揚(yáng)), criticize(批評(píng)), entertain(娛樂(lè)), demonstrate(舉例說(shuō)明), argue(辯論), tell(講述), analyze(分析)等。
詢問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣態(tài)度的題,選項(xiàng)里常出現(xiàn)的詞是:neutral(中立的), sympathetic(同情的), satisfied(滿意的), friendly(友好的), enthusiastic(熱情的), subjective(主觀的), objective(客觀的), matter-of-fact(實(shí)事求是的), pessimistic(悲觀的), optimistic(樂(lè)觀的), critical(批評(píng)的), doubtful(懷疑的), hostile(敵對(duì)的), indifferent(冷淡的), disappointed(失望的)。
常見命題形式有:The purpose of the text is_____What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? By mentioning…, the author aims to show that_____What is the author’s attitude towards…?What is the author’s opinion on…?The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
解答技巧推斷題是考查學(xué)生透過(guò)文章表面的文字信息進(jìn)行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。推理和判斷必須以事實(shí)為依據(jù),切莫主觀臆斷。
①那些文章中直接陳述的內(nèi)容不能選,要選擇根據(jù)文章推理出來(lái)的選項(xiàng)。②推理不是憑空猜測(cè),而是立足已知推斷未知;作出正確答案時(shí)一定要在文中找到依據(jù)或理由。③要忠實(shí)于原文,以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)。不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的想法;不要脫離原文主觀臆斷。
詞義猜測(cè)題
考點(diǎn):①猜測(cè)某個(gè)詞、詞組、句子的意義②對(duì)文中的多義詞或詞組進(jìn)行定義③判斷某個(gè)代詞的指代的對(duì)象。常見命題形式有:The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)probably means ______.The word “…”(Line 6. para.2)could best be replaced by which of the following?Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…”?
解答技巧1.通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系,然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,as a result,of course等等)表示前因后果。
例如:You shouldn't have blamed him for that,for it wasn't his fault.通過(guò)for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯(cuò)),可猜出blame的詞義是"責(zé)備"。
2.通過(guò)同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞通過(guò)同義詞猜詞,一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組,如happy and gay,即使我們不認(rèn)識(shí)gay這個(gè)詞,也可以知道它是愉快的意思;
二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過(guò)程中使用的同義詞,如Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars,and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞,但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于"行星"這一義域。
通過(guò)反義詞猜詞,一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞,如but,while,however等;
二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語(yǔ),如:He is so homely,not at all as handsome as his brother.根據(jù)not at all...handsome我們不難推測(cè)出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
3.通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法猜詞根據(jù)前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等構(gòu)詞知識(shí)判斷生詞詞義。如:She is unlikely to have stolen the money. ( “un”含否定意義,故為“不太可能”之意。)
4.通過(guò)定義或釋義關(guān)系來(lái)推測(cè)詞義例如:But sometimes,no rain falls for a long,long time. Then there is a dry period,or drought. 從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期,即drought,由此可見drought意思為"久旱","旱災(zāi)"。而a dry period和drought是同義語(yǔ)。
這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is,or,that is,in other words,be called或破折號(hào)等來(lái)表示。
5.通過(guò)句法功能來(lái)推測(cè)詞義例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞,我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來(lái)判斷它們大致的意思。
從句中不難看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同類關(guān)系,同屬fruit類,因此它們是兩樣水果,準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō),是菠蘿和椰子。
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