【Learn new words and phrases】
1. astronomer: n 天文學(xué)家;astronomy: n 天文學(xué)
2.explode: v 爆炸,由此聯(lián)想：explosive: a 爆炸性的/n *;explosion: n 爆炸
1). When the bomb______, many people were seriously wounded.
2). The unexpected ________ frightened the little girl.
3). It might be possible to convert _____ energy into heat.
Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive
3. density: n 密度;聯(lián)想產(chǎn)生：dense: a 密度大的，反義詞：sparse;
densely: ad高密度地;densely-populated人口稠密的;sparsely-populated人口稀疏的
1). The ____ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction.
2). The business area of the city is _____ populated.
3). This liquid has a much greater ____ than water.
Answers: dense, densely, density
4. shrink: v 收縮、退縮、縮水
1). As a result of careless washing, the jacket has shrunk to a child's size.
2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood.
5. measurement: n 衡量、測(cè)量;
由此聯(lián)想：measure: n措施/v 衡量、測(cè)量;measurable: a 可衡量的，可測(cè)量的
1). We must take _____ to protect our environment.
2). We have come within ______ distance of success.
3). Clocks give us a ______ of time.
4). There the rainfall is ______ not in inches but in feet.
Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured
6.implication: n 含義、暗示;imply: v 暗示
7. basis: n 基礎(chǔ)、根據(jù)，
由此可以聯(lián)想得到：base: n 底部;v 以…為底，為根據(jù);basic: a 基礎(chǔ)的，根本的;
basically: ad 根本上來說,
1). If you want to improve your English, you must have a solid ______.
2). The furniture of out dorm is really _____: two beds, two chairs and tables.
3). The charges are false for they are not ______ on proven facts.
4). Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to adopt the ____ workable one.
Answers: basis, basic, based, basically
8. observatory: n 天文臺(tái);由此可以聯(lián)想得到：
observe: v 觀察;observation: n 觀察;observer: n 觀察家
9. convincing: a 有說服力的，使人信服的;convince: v 使人信服;convinced: a 感到有說服力的，常見搭配：convince sb of sth; convince sb that
1). He gave us a convincing speech.
2). He convinced me f his sincerity.
10. operate: v 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、操作、動(dòng)手術(shù);operation : n 手術(shù)，操作;operator: 操作者
11. research into對(duì)…進(jìn)行研究
She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.
12. swallow up: 吞沒、耗盡
Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies.
13. apply to sb/sth：適用于某人/某事，請(qǐng)對(duì)比：
apply to sb for sth向某人申請(qǐng)某事;apply A to B將A 應(yīng)用于B
1). You should apply what you have learned to your work.
2). I applied to him for a new job.
3). The study method doesn't apply to everyone
Analyze the important sentences among the text
1. Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1)
譯：哦，這個(gè)問題很難回答，因?yàn)槲覀兺ǔＳ脕砻枋鲆环N科學(xué)現(xiàn)象的現(xiàn)有術(shù)語(yǔ)在這里不夠用。
句子分析：it是形式主語(yǔ)，to answer this question是句子主語(yǔ);since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾terms; inadequate: 不充分的，不合格的。
2. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light. (p1)
譯：天文學(xué)家和科學(xué)家認(rèn)為黑洞是一個(gè)空間區(qū)域，而不是一個(gè)物體，物質(zhì)會(huì)掉進(jìn)黑洞而沒有物體可以從中逃脫出來，即使是光也不行。
句子分析：into which和from which引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，介詞：into和fall搭配;from 和escape搭配。這種介詞+which的定語(yǔ)從句的形式請(qǐng)多注意。
3. The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. (p2)
譯：(關(guān)于黑洞形成的)理論就是一些星球的密度增長(zhǎng)到某個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)就會(huì)爆炸。
句子分析：這是一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句。that用來引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，不可省略。其中又包含一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。to a particular point是達(dá)到某一個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)的含義。
4. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. (p2)
譯：但如果星球很大(比我們的太陽(yáng)還要大得多)，其收縮過程可能很劇烈，以致于產(chǎn)生了黑洞。
句子分析：這是一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，so…that表示如此…以致，是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。
如：I'm so tired that I can even sleep on my way home.
5. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. (p2)
譯：假想一下地球收縮到彈球兒那么大，但仍具有同樣的質(zhì)量和更強(qiáng)的吸引力，你就會(huì)對(duì)黑洞的力量又某種概念。
句子分析：該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為imagine….and you ……事實(shí)上相當(dāng)于if you imagine…, you will have some idea….. 這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)在歷年的考試中曾出現(xiàn)過。請(qǐng)記�。浩硎咕�+ and + 陳述句= if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。如：Hurry up and you can catch the last train!
另外，該句還有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)成分reduced to the size of a marble和having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull用來修飾the earth.前者為過去分詞，而后者為現(xiàn)在分詞。詞組：
have some idea of sth對(duì)…有所了解
6. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. (p3line13--14)
譯：只是近來科學(xué)家才開始對(duì)黑洞進(jìn)行具體的研究。
句子分析：本句的核心結(jié)構(gòu)為it is…that的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)only recently。詞組：research into sth對(duì)…進(jìn)行研究。
7. The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. (p4)
譯：有關(guān)黑洞最有說服力的證據(jù)來自對(duì)雙星體系的研究。
句子分析：該句主語(yǔ)evidence，謂語(yǔ)comes from;賓語(yǔ)research into binary star systems。
The most convincing是定語(yǔ)，修飾evidence.其中請(qǐng)注意convincing:令人信服的，通常修飾物的形容詞多以-ing結(jié)尾;而修飾人的多以-ed結(jié)尾。如：
I feel excited after hearing the surprising news.
8. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. (p4)
譯：我們所看到的星球的物質(zhì)正在被吸引到伴星去。
句子分析：主語(yǔ)matter; 謂語(yǔ)is being pulled，這是一個(gè)進(jìn)行被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);towards the companion star介詞賓語(yǔ);from the one which we can see定語(yǔ)。
9. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. (p5line4--6)
譯：另一方面，科學(xué)家也提出有一天高科技會(huì)利用黑洞的力量為人類服務(wù)。
句子分析：請(qǐng)注意在本句中suggest不是建議的含義，是指出、指明的意思。advanced高級(jí)的、先進(jìn)的;make use of sth利用…，該詞組可以拓展成：make good use of 好好加以利用;make full use of充分加以利用。
10. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5)
譯：他們展示給我們一個(gè)不同于我們自己的世界運(yùn)行方式的世界，并對(duì)我們最基本的時(shí)空經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出了質(zhì)疑。
句子分析：這個(gè)句子復(fù)雜在于：從which引導(dǎo)的很長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句，特別注意;operate：v 操作;in a way以某種方式;be different from同…不同;question: v 質(zhì)疑，詢問。
【Learn new words and phrases】
1. resolve: v 旋轉(zhuǎn)，常見搭配關(guān)系為：resolve around sb/sth圍繞…轉(zhuǎn)。
She spends all of her time resolving around her family.
The earth resolves around the sun.
2. solar: a 太陽(yáng)的，日光的
solar energy太陽(yáng)能;solar system太陽(yáng)系;solar month陽(yáng)歷月
3. concerned: a 有關(guān)的、擔(dān)心的
Her job is something concerned with computer.
He is concerned about the result of the exam.
4. colored: a 有色的，對(duì)比;colorful: a 豐富多彩的
I like orange-colored coat.
Everybody likes colorful life.
5. religion: n 宗教，religious: a 虔誠(chéng)的;
請(qǐng)對(duì)比：region: n 地區(qū);regional: a 地區(qū)的
6. circumstance: n 情況、境遇;
Under no circumstances can we waste time.
7. a great many = a number of = many很多，修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。而a great deal of + u.n
A great many students are absent today.
I have wasted a great deal of time.
8. above all: 首先、首要
After the war, he longed above all to see his wife and family.
9. as a rule: 通常、一般而言
As a rule, I only watch sports news.
Analyze the important sentences among the text:
1. First of all, let us consider the earth as a planet revolving around the sun. (p1)
譯：首先，讓我們把地球看作是圍繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行的一顆行星。
句子分析：first of all首先，詞組：consider sth as sth把…當(dāng)作…，與之類似的詞組還有：
look up sth as sth; review sth as sth; treat sth as sth…; revolving around the sun是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾a planet。
2. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. (p1)
譯：這九大行星和太陽(yáng)一起構(gòu)成我們所說的太陽(yáng)系。
句子分析：該句主語(yǔ)為：These nine planets;謂語(yǔ)是make up;what is called our solar system是賓語(yǔ);together with the sun是狀語(yǔ)，而并非句子主語(yǔ)。關(guān)于該語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容請(qǐng)見本講后面的grammar---主謂一致。
3. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery …… (p1)
譯：這個(gè)奇妙的星系是怎樣起源的?什么使它保持極其精確的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，很大程度上現(xiàn)在還是一個(gè)謎。
句子分析：這也是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)很復(fù)雜的句子：How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy是主語(yǔ)，它是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)于該語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容請(qǐng)見本講后面的grammar---主謂一致。
4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. (p4)
譯：水域的總面積大約是陸地面積的三倍大。
句子分析：該句的核心句型是A + be + 倍數(shù)+ as + adj + as + B.
e.g. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific Ocean.
5. These currents are important because they affected the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscope animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes. (p5)
譯：這些海洋之所以重要是因?yàn)樗麄冇绊懼鹘?jīng)區(qū)域的附近陸地的氣候，也是因?yàn)樗鼈償y帶大量的微生物，植物，而這些構(gòu)成魚類食品的一大部分。
句子分析：這是一個(gè)由because引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，其中close to where they flow是定語(yǔ)，修飾the land areas;詞組：large quantities of + c.n/u.n; which forms a large part of the food for fishes是定語(yǔ)從句修飾animal and vegetable life。其中l(wèi)ife是指生命，不可數(shù)名詞。
6. The circumstances under which different people live make a difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. (p8)
譯：不同民族的生活環(huán)境造就了他們和我們極為不同的生活方式，我們應(yīng)該做的是去了解他們不同的生活環(huán)境以便可以更好理解其他地區(qū)的人們。
句子分析：該句中的under which和in which又是介詞+which的定語(yǔ)從句用法，修飾The circumstances和the way;so that引導(dǎo)的時(shí)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。其中：make a diference;使…不同，產(chǎn)生差異;business 是指責(zé)任;
7. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.
譯：其中很重要的實(shí)在沒有對(duì)于與我們不同的人們和他們必須過的那種生活有大量的了解之前，我們應(yīng)該避免對(duì)他們有先入為主的看法。
句子分析：Above all是狀語(yǔ)，意思是最重要的，首先;we主語(yǔ);should avoid謂語(yǔ);deciding what we think about people different from ourselves賓語(yǔ);without first…狀語(yǔ)。different from ourselves是定語(yǔ)，修飾people; having learned動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)，表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作早于deciding發(fā)生。重要詞組：above all; avoid doing; a great deal
8. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.
譯：確實(shí)我們了解其他人越多，我們就越能理解他們的觀點(diǎn)，通常我們就更喜歡那些人。
句子分析：該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為：the more…the more…the better意思：越…就越…;如：
The longer you keep this wine, the better it tastes.
The busier I am, the happier I am.
【Grammar】
主謂一致是指句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上須保持一致。我們一般遵從三個(gè)原則：
1、 語(yǔ)法一致的原則：是指主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與其相呼應(yīng)。
2、 意義一致的原則：指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的概念，而不取決于表面的語(yǔ)法標(biāo)志，主要表現(xiàn)為某些集體名詞后可跟動(dòng)詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。如果這些集體名詞指整體概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);指具體成員時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)。
3、 就近原則：是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于離它最近的詞語(yǔ)，而無(wú)須考慮其他的詞。
主謂一致的熱點(diǎn)
1.由 many a 或 more than + 單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall.
More than one student has visited the exhibition.
2.“……的幾分之幾”和“……的百分之幾” 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)取決于 of 后的名詞。
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
40 percent of the students in our class are girls.
3.“a number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù);“ the number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
A number of pupils like reading picture-books.
The number of the students in our class is 55.
4.并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這時(shí) and 后面的名詞前沒有冠詞。
The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often works with the workers.
5.成對(duì)的名詞，如bread and butter涂黃油的面包，soda and water汽水，coffee and milk加牛奶的咖啡，aim and end目的，salt and water鹽開水等，雖然有and連接，但仍表單一概念，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
A knife and fork is on the table.
6.由 and 連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)的前面分別有each, every或no修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
No student and no teacher is invited to the party.
In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education.
7.主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)，其后跟有together with, along with (與……一道)，as well as (和;也)，no less than (和……一樣)，rather than (而不)，以及with, not, like, but, except, besides, including 等引起的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。
He as well as his sister is a League member.
8.在定語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)是關(guān)系代詞who, that, which,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)一致。
I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know.
9.主語(yǔ)是一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如clothes, trousers, glasses, compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。但這類表示成雙的東西的名詞前有a pair of修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
My trousers are being washed now.
There is a pair of shoes in the box.
10.表示度量、價(jià)格、時(shí)間的復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般被看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
Ten dollars is not enough.
Three months has passed since he left.
11.主語(yǔ)是以-ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞以及news, works (工廠)等都屬形式復(fù)數(shù)，而意義單數(shù)的名詞，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。另外means一詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形應(yīng)視具體情況而定。
Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn.
A new means of teaching is being used in that school.
12.主語(yǔ)是用作書名、劇名、報(bào)紙名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式。
The United States is a developed country.
13.主語(yǔ)是family, team, group, crowd, class, committee等集合名詞時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式，如指的是全體人員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
His family are all music lovers.
14.“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語(yǔ)從句”之前有the only, the very, the等限定詞和修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
She is the only one of these women who plays the violin.
15.主語(yǔ)是疑問代詞who, what, which,不定代詞all, more, most, any, none等以及名詞half, part, the rest等既可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義又可表示單數(shù)意義，其謂語(yǔ)視情況而定。
Half of the visitors are from Europe.
Half of the fruit is bad.
16.主語(yǔ)是表示數(shù)量的“one and a half +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。主語(yǔ)是“one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，其謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
One and a half bananas is left on the table.
There are one or two things I‘d like to know about.
17.the +形容詞或分詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如指一類人。其謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，如指抽象概念，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如：
The rich are not always happy.
The new is sure to replace the old.
18.由not only … but also, neither…nor, either…or, not …but以及or連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致。
Not only your father's friends but also your father likes smoking.
19.在倒裝句中以及在There be …結(jié)構(gòu)中，如主語(yǔ)是并列的，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往和其后面的第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)取得數(shù)上的一致。
Where is your mother and younger sister?
There is a pen , two pencils and five books on the desk.
20.動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.考試大收集整理
