單數(shù)可用a、an來修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，在元音發(fā)音開頭的單詞前用an，而不是a
1.復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法：(1)一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s，如：dog--dogs。
(2)以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞加es，如：watch--watches。
(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加es， 如：country--countries。
請區(qū)別：如果是元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，則只須加s。 如：monkey--monkeys。
(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西紅柿)加es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。
(5)以f、fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f、fe為v再加es， 如：knife--knives。
2.單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的詞：sheep--sheep，fish--fish Chinese--Chinese，Japanese--Japanese
3.特殊變化的單詞有：(1)tooth--teeth，foot--feeth
(2)man--men，woman--women，policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen
請區(qū)別：German(德國人)—Germans (3)child—children
4.常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(褲子) glasses(眼鏡) ,這些名詞作主語時，同學(xué)們應(yīng)特別注意它們的謂語，用復(fù)數(shù)。 如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.
5.有些名詞看似復(fù)數(shù)形式，實際上是單數(shù)。這一點是同學(xué)不易掌握的，應(yīng)特別加以記憶。如：news(消息)，maths(數(shù)學(xué))，physics(物理) No news is good news.
6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 How many are there in your pencil-box?(knife)
不可數(shù)名詞：1.常見的不可數(shù)名詞有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。應(yīng)特別記medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.
2.不可數(shù)名詞無復(fù)數(shù)，作主語時常看成單數(shù)。如：Some bread__________over there.(be)
3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等來修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
4.常用a piece of,a cup of等來表示不可數(shù)名詞的量。如要表達(dá)“兩片面包”這樣的意義，bread仍為不可數(shù)名詞，不加s，而piece則可加s。即：twopiecesof bread
請區(qū)別：可數(shù)名詞也可用量來表示， 如：三箱蘋果three boxes of apples
例： 1、These two pieces of bread __________over there.(be)
2、Could I have three ___________,please?
A.piece of bread B.piece of breads C.pieces of bread D.pieces of breads
名詞的格 名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法，在名詞后加“ 's”。如：Tom→Tom's譯為“…的”，若遇上以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則在s后加“ '”即可。如：Teachers'Day , twoweeks'holiday，而不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格，仍按慣例加's 。如：Children's Day
關(guān)于名詞所有格，應(yīng)掌握以下幾點：
1.可用名詞所有格表示地點。 如：my aunt's 我姑姑家。 go to the doctor's 去醫(yī)生家。
2.表示兩人共同擁有，在最后一個名詞后加's 如：Lucy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的
3.掌握詞組：a girl of five 一個五歲的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一個朋友
eg;The white shirt is and blue one is . A、Kate,my B.Kate's,mine C.Kate,mine D.Kate's,my
二、冠詞
冠詞是詞匯中的基礎(chǔ)的，也是簡單的部分，所以同學(xué)們有必要掌握其基本用法，歸納起來，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該掌握以下幾點： 1.冠詞指不定冠詞a,an和定冠詞the
2.不定冠詞an常用于元音發(fā)音開頭的詞前，如：an hour,an English car. 請區(qū)別：a useful machine
3.指上文提到過的人或物，用定冠詞the
4.在世界上獨一無二的事物前用定冠詞the.如：the sun,the moon,the earth
5.定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞前，表示方位的名詞和形容詞級前。如：the first,the best ,in the south
6.在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，�？闯蓮�(fù)數(shù)。
如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
7.在介詞短語中常用定冠詞the，如：in the box ,behind the chair
8.特別注意不能用定冠詞the的幾個方面：
(1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如：in summer,in August
請區(qū)別：in the spring of 1945. (這里表示特指，故加the)
(2)一日三餐和球類運動名不用冠詞。 如：have breakfast ,play football
(3)一些固定詞組中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.
9.在有些詞組中，有冠詞和無冠詞意思不同，請注意區(qū)別：
in front of 在…前面 in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里
in the front of 在…范圍內(nèi)的前部 in hospital (生病)住院
練習(xí):There's _________800-metre-long road behind _________hospital.
A.an,an B.a, a C.an, the D.a, the
三、數(shù)詞
同學(xué)們首先應(yīng)會讀會寫所有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞，以及與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點表達(dá)法。對數(shù)詞的考查，中考常采用單選題及聽力題，這些題型歸納起來，應(yīng)掌握以下幾點特別容易出錯的地方。
1.基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞。其規(guī)律為：
1,2,3特殊記，加th從4起 (first,second,third,fourth)
8少t，9去e，千萬別忘記 (eighth,ninth) 逢5逢12，ve變f (fifth,twelfth)
20到90，y要變ie (twentieth,ninetieth) 若是幾十幾，前基后序別倒位 (ninety-first)
2.hundred,thousand,million 在構(gòu)成具體的數(shù)字時用單數(shù)形式。 如：five hundred people. 只有在表達(dá)籠統(tǒng)的多數(shù)時才加s，構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式。
hundreds of 數(shù)以百計的，成百上千的 thousands of 數(shù)以千計的，成千上萬的
millions of 數(shù)百萬的 這些詞組前不能用具體數(shù)字。
3.序數(shù)詞常與定冠詞the 連用。
練習(xí):①Henry has learned eight _________ French words this year.
A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of
②The _________lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)
另外，同學(xué)們還應(yīng)掌握與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點表達(dá)法。
順讀法(鐘點+分鐘) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five
4:15 four fifteen 倒讀法(分鐘+to/past+鐘點) 如：4:30 half past four
4:15 fifteen past four/a quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to five/a quarter to five
練習(xí)題 :
1.At the beginning of the_____(twenty) century,the world's population was about1700 million.
2.Are these_____(watch)yours? Yes.
3.You don't look well.You'd better go to the______(doctor) at once.
4.Would you give me________,please?
A.two papers B.two piece of paper C.two pieces of paper D.two pieces of papers
5.There are three_____and seven____in the picture.
A.monkeys,sheeps B.monkeys,sheep C.monkies,sheep D.monkies,sheeps
6.A lot of____are talking with two_______.
A.Germans,Frenchmans B.Germen,Frenchmans C.German, Frenchmen D.Germans,Frenchmen
7.June 1 is __. A.the Children's Day B.the Childrens' Day C.Children's Day D.Childrens' Day
8.__________people went out to see what had happened.
A.Thousands of B.Three thousand ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands
9.We have been in the school for______.
A.three and a half month B.three and a half months
C.three month and a half D.three months and half
10.__________English is___________ useful language. A.A, an B./, a C.The, an D. A, /
11.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost just now.
A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the
12.There's ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a
13.There is ________ 800-metre-long road behind _________ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the
四.代詞
①人稱代詞: 主格: 單數(shù)I 、you 、he 、she 、it 復(fù)數(shù) we 、you 、they
賓格: 單數(shù)me 、you 、him 、her 、it 復(fù)數(shù)us 、you 、them
⑵物主代詞: 形容詞性 my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their
名詞性 mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs
③反身代詞: myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves
1.形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能作定語，相當(dāng)于一個形容詞，名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語、主語和賓語，相當(dāng)于一個名詞。
2.注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關(guān)系,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。
如：⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (這里ours=our books)
⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (這里ours=our room)
3."of+名詞性物主代詞"表示所屬 如：a sister of his 他的一個妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一個朋友
4.人稱代詞在并列使用時的順序為：“第二人稱，第三人稱，第一人稱”。
如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.
5.關(guān)于反身代詞，同學(xué)們須掌握其固定結(jié)構(gòu)：
enjoy oneself=have a good time (過得很愉快) by oneself=alone (單獨、獨自)
help oneself to… (隨便吃/喝 些...) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自學(xué))
練習(xí)題
1.-Whose trousers are these? -_____, I think.
A.They B.Their C.Theirs D.Them
2. Nobody taught___English. He taught____. A.him, himself B.his, himself C.him, by himself D.his, his
(二) 修飾可數(shù)名詞 many few 表否定意義 a few 表肯定意義
修飾不數(shù)名詞 much little 表否定意義 a little 表肯定意義 few 和 little 與 quite 或 only 連用時，常加不定冠詞 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.=
用little, a little, few, a few填空:
1.I often stay at home because I have _______ friends here.
2.Jim,don't go and get some water. There is ______ water in the glass.
3.Though he learned French only ________ weeks. He can speak very well.
4.Lily had _________ bread because she was hungry yesterday.
(三)不定代詞: something, anything, nothing.
當(dāng)形容詞修飾這三個不定代詞時，常后置。 如：something new
There's __________ in today's newspaper. 中考題
A.important anything B.important something C.anything important D.something important
(四)另外，還要注意代詞some, every, all, both, either, another
1.some(一些，某) 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有時也可用于表示請求的疑問句中。
any(任何) 多用于疑問句和否定句
① Will you give me some water? ② Would you like some meat?
③ May I ask some questions? ④ Could I have some apples?
2.every+單數(shù)名詞 “每一個” 強(qiáng)調(diào)共性，作定語,形式上為單數(shù)。
each “每一個” 強(qiáng)調(diào)個性，作定語、主語、賓語和同位語，常與of連用。
如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt.
Every child likes playing games.
3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位語時，一般放在連系、助動詞之后，行為動詞之前。
none “沒有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介詞of
如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.
None of us is/are afraid of dogs.(單、復(fù)數(shù)均可)
4.both “(兩者)都” ,作主語時，看作復(fù)數(shù);作定語時，后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。
either “兩者中任何一個” ,作主語時，謂語用第三人稱單數(shù);作定語時，后跟名詞單數(shù)。
neither “(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義，用法同either。
如：①They both swim well. =Both of them swim well.
②There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.
③Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.
④Neither answer is right.
5. another +單數(shù)名詞, “另一個”
one … the other “一個……，另一個……”
the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 = the others “其他的人或物” (指確定范圍內(nèi)剩下的全部) others “別人”
(五)疑問代詞 5個“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which
這里，which是同學(xué)們不易掌握的內(nèi)容，其實，同學(xué)們只須記住，對作定語的內(nèi)容提問，常用which.
例如: I like the red shirt. ___________ ___________ do you like ?
初三英語中考總復(fù)習(xí)資料
初三英語中考總復(fù)習(xí)資料
重要的短語、句型和慣用法(一)
1. get on/off(the bus) 上/下車
get up 起床
get ready for 為...作準(zhǔn)備
get oneself dressed 自己穿衣服
get well (better) 身體好
get in 進(jìn)入，收集
get sb.sth.=get sth.for sb. 為某人買某物
get on well with sb/sth. 與某人相處很好，...進(jìn)展順利
2. have an accident 出事故
have a good time =enjoy oneself 玩得很高興
have a cold wet day 天氣又冷又濕
have a cough 咳嗽
have a drink(of)... 喝一杯...
have a talk 聽報告
have lunch 吃午飯
have...for lunch 午飯吃...
have a meeting 開會
have no idea 不知道
have a rest 休息一下
3. make a mistake 犯錯誤
mistake A for B 把A錯認(rèn)為B
take sth. by mistake 錯拿某物
4. make friends with 與...交朋友
make faces 做鬼臉
make a fire 生火
make an excuse 找籍口
make a...sound 發(fā)...音
make tea 沏茶
make room for... 為...找出空間
make it 如期赴約
make a team 組成一個隊
eg.Let's make it half past one. 注意：時間前不用介詞at
5. turn sth. on/off 打開/關(guān)掉...
turn sth. up/down 把...音量開大/小
注意：當(dāng)sth 是代詞時，常放中間
6. try sth. on 試穿(衣、鞋、帽)
注意：當(dāng) sth 為it或them, 常放中間try out 試驗、嘗試
try one's best to do sth. 盡力干某事=do one's best to do sth. 7. send sb. away 開除、解雇某人
send for sb. 派人去請某人
send up 發(fā)射
8. hear from sb 收到...的來信
hear of 聽說
9. hurry off 匆匆離去，趕快去
hurry up 趕快
10. get to +名詞 get +副詞(不用to)
reach+名詞/副詞
arrive in/at +大/小地點 (后接副詞，不用at/in)
eg. get to Shanghai、reach Shanghai 、arrive in Shanghai到達(dá)上海
eg. reach home、get home、arrive home 到家
11. teach sb. English 教某人英語
teach oneself=learn sth.by oneself 自學(xué)
12.到...末為止 by the end of +過去時間 (用于過去完成時)
by the end of +將來時間 (用于一般將來時)
at the end of+地點 在...盡頭 in the end= at last 最后，終于
13. hundreds of 成百上千
thousands of 成千上萬的
millions of 成百萬的
14. be pleased to do sth 很高興地干某事
be pleased with sth. 為某事而高興
15. be used for 被用來
be used as 被當(dāng)作
be used by 被...所使用
16. so far 到目前為止， 用于現(xiàn)在完成時
17. on a Tuesday morning 一個星期二的早上
on the morning of June 15th.1998 在1998年6月15日早上
18. keep sb.doing sth. 讓某人一直干某事
keep doing sth. 繼續(xù)做某事
keep on doing sth. 持續(xù)不斷地做某事
19. much too+形容詞/副詞原級 實在太...
too much+不可數(shù)名詞 相當(dāng)多的... eg. It's _______ expensive. I can't buy it.
There's ___________ rain this year.
20. thanks to...由于，多虧
thanks to one's help=because of one's help 由于某人的幫忙
thanks for one's help 謝謝某人的幫助
21. be far away from+a place/sb 遠(yuǎn)離某地
22. wear out 穿壞、穿舊、用盡 常用于被動語態(tài)。其P.P為worn
sell out 售完 賣完
23. two-month holiday=two months' holiday 二個月的假期
24. fall asleep 入睡(進(jìn)入狀態(tài))
get to sleep 入睡(還沒睡著)
25. stop sb.from doing sth. 阻止某人干某事
eg. She stopped the child from listening.
stop doing sth. 停止干某事，不再干某事
stop to do sth. 停止下來干另一件事。
26. hardly any +n. 幾乎沒有...
27. quite a/an+形容詞+名詞 一個相當(dāng)...eg. Two months is quite a long time.
a very +形容詞+名詞eg. English is a very useful language.
28. be afraid of+名詞 害怕...
be afraid to+動詞 擔(dān)心、害怕...
be afraid that+從句 恐怕...
29. so+形容詞 so strong so beautiful
such+形容詞+名詞(復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù))
such beautiful pictures such nice smell
such + a/an+形容詞+名詞(單數(shù))
such an interesting story
30. feel like doing 想干某事
31. be made/grown/produced
三個詞的被動語態(tài)都可解釋為“生產(chǎn)”
歸類: 機(jī)器一類→make(制造)
鹽.糖.絲綢→produce (經(jīng)機(jī)器加工生產(chǎn)) 農(nóng)作物、水果→grow (人工種出來的)
32. finish doing sth. 做完某事
be busy doing sth. 忙于干某事
go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)干某事
be always doing 老是干某事
33. hope to do sth. 希望干某事 ...
hope that...希望某人干某事,不可用
hope sb.to do sth.
34. in surprise 驚奇地(作狀語)
be surprised at sb. 對某人的舉動感到詫異
be surprised to do sth. 對做某事感到驚訝
35. no space(room) to stand in 沒有站的地方、空間
36. be angry with sb. 生某人的氣
agree with sb. 同意某人的觀點
with one's help 在某人的幫助下
