一.連鎖餐館
V1 餐館要加入連鎖餐飲，因為1)low cost of supplies and advertising expenses. 攻擊：因果：他因：地址，整體經(jīng)濟(jì)增長 2)連鎖的服裝店的成功：類比錯誤：服裝連鎖和餐飲連鎖毛關(guān)系都沒有! 3)everything is equal 即便有關(guān)系，也無法保證M餐廳加入連鎖后，未來會成功
V2 local restaurant joins restaurant chain的那個，會減少operating costs,吸引客人，分擔(dān)ads費(fèi)，有類比clothing stores說大家更喜歡nationally
考古
V1講的是一個連鎖店的Director 認(rèn)為一個a local store 應(yīng)家加入他們的全國連鎖店，因為這樣會帶來很多好吃：吸引顧客，還有減少運(yùn)營成本等等~然后還說了因為現(xiàn)在的大部分顧客都喜歡買國家品牌的衣服，所以他們也會更喜歡去連鎖店吃東西~~
V2一個megaburger的Director寫信給當(dāng)?shù)豶estaurant的店主，說成為其連鎖店能夠獲得更好的發(fā)展，給出的理由有如下：
1，更低的成本&更容易吸引顧客
2，更高的效率
3，clothing和home-supply stores也日趨national化
V3連鎖franchise restaurant可以給餐飲店帶來很多好處。加入megaburger連鎖的話，可以以更低的價格批量采購，可以有high operating efficiency ,還可以share advertising costs. 除此之外呢，變成franchise restaurant后還可以吸引顧客，就像人們喜歡nationally known clothing stores一樣，人們知道what to expect(之類的)，所以人們也會喜歡連鎖餐飲店。因此作者說Cindy's Sandwich Shop應(yīng)該加入Megaburger family, 給顧客提供他們想要的服務(wù)。
V4一個 National Fast Food chain的director說服一個叫Cindy's Local Sandwich Shop加入他們的franchise, Cindy currently has 2 local restaurants in Tomville. Director說加入我們連鎖好處有 1. 批量進(jìn)貨 shared advertising expense - 省錢 2. Standard menu, so customers already know what to order and know what kind of food quality they can expectn 3. Clothing store franchise has been successful. Join us now. 雙贏。
參考思路
1. 錯誤因果：批量進(jìn)貨以及shared advertising expense并不能說明sandwich shop一定能節(jié)省成本。
2. 錯誤類比：sandwich shop和clothing store錯誤類比，clothing store franchise has been successful 不表示sandwich shop加入了national fast food chain也會成功。
3. 無端假設(shè)： 當(dāng)local restaurant加入了national fast food chain不代表一定能吸引顧客，可能反而會失去老顧客。
二.Citrus Fruits
說的是什么近10年來，某種水果的價格上升，然而導(dǎo)致客觀因素只有unfavorable weather。所以政府應(yīng)該對果農(nóng)們采取措施，讓他們降低價格。
原題
The following is taken from an editorial in a local newspaper.
“Over the past decade, the price per pound of citrus fruit has increased substantially. Eleven years ago, Megamart charged 5 cents apiece for lemons, but today it commonly charges over 30 cents apiece. In only one of these last eleven years was the weather unfavorable for growing citrus crops. Evidently, then, citrus growers have been responsible for the excessive increase in the price of citrus fruit, and strict pricing regulations are needed to prevent them from continuing to inflate prices.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
參考思路
天氣狀況不是影響產(chǎn)量的因素，害蟲的情況，土壤等自然環(huán)境，還有競爭者的存在，甚至管理水平等。另外產(chǎn)量也不應(yīng)該是提價的因素，完全有可能是整體通貨膨脹，還有成本的提升的。
1. Causal oversimplification：是否出了 citrus growers以外 沒有其他因數(shù)導(dǎo)致了價格的上漲?。還有，比如環(huán)境保護(hù)，加工價格上升，人力成本上升，或者單純的物價上漲。。。Monetary inflation, increased distribution and labor costs, or alterations in supply and demand conditions the growers’ desire for increased profits.
2. 充分條件: Only way to combat increased price is through government intervention.
3. 無關(guān)假設(shè)：天氣好 果樹的產(chǎn)量一定高。因為種植柑橘的農(nóng)民已經(jīng)動用了可用的資源了，產(chǎn)量無法再多
4. 錯誤類別 or Hasty generalization：檸檬是不是可以橘類水果類比，或者說，檸檬有其特殊性，譬如檸檬都是進(jìn)口的，比較貴。
【參考范文】
In this editorial the author argues for the imposition of strict pricing regulations in order to prevent citrus growers from continued inflation of prices of citrus fruit. The need for such regulation is supported by the author’s contention that citrus growers have been unnecessarily raising prices of citrus fruit in the past. The evidence for this allegation is the fact that the price of lemons at Megamart has increased from 15 cents per pound to over a dollar a pound during the preceding 11-year period. The author maintains that this increase is unjustifiable because weather conditions have been favorable to citrus production in all but one of those years. This argument is flawed for several reasons.
First and foremost, the author assumes that the only factor that influences the price of citrus fruit is the weather. Other factors such as monetary inflation, increased distribution and labor costs, or alterations in supply and demand conditions are completely ignored as possible sources for the increase. The charge that citrus growers have unnecessarily raised prices can be sustained only if these and other possible factors can be completely ruled out as contributing to the price increases. Since the author fails to address these factors, the recommendation calling for strict pricing regulations can be dismissed out of hand as frivolous.
Second, the author assumes that the only way to combat increased prices is through government intervention. In a free enterprise system many other means of affecting the pricing of goods are available. For example, boycotting a product and thereby influencing supply and demand conditions of the commodity is an effective means of influencing the price of the product. In a free market economy the call for price regulation by the government should occur only when all other means to rectify the problem have been exhausted.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument it would be necessary to show that the only factor influencing the price increases is the growers’ desire for increased profits.
V1 餐館要加入連鎖餐飲，因為1)low cost of supplies and advertising expenses. 攻擊：因果：他因：地址，整體經(jīng)濟(jì)增長 2)連鎖的服裝店的成功：類比錯誤：服裝連鎖和餐飲連鎖毛關(guān)系都沒有! 3)everything is equal 即便有關(guān)系，也無法保證M餐廳加入連鎖后，未來會成功
V2 local restaurant joins restaurant chain的那個，會減少operating costs,吸引客人，分擔(dān)ads費(fèi)，有類比clothing stores說大家更喜歡nationally
考古
V1講的是一個連鎖店的Director 認(rèn)為一個a local store 應(yīng)家加入他們的全國連鎖店，因為這樣會帶來很多好吃：吸引顧客，還有減少運(yùn)營成本等等~然后還說了因為現(xiàn)在的大部分顧客都喜歡買國家品牌的衣服，所以他們也會更喜歡去連鎖店吃東西~~
V2一個megaburger的Director寫信給當(dāng)?shù)豶estaurant的店主，說成為其連鎖店能夠獲得更好的發(fā)展，給出的理由有如下：
1，更低的成本&更容易吸引顧客
2，更高的效率
3，clothing和home-supply stores也日趨national化
V3連鎖franchise restaurant可以給餐飲店帶來很多好處。加入megaburger連鎖的話，可以以更低的價格批量采購，可以有high operating efficiency ,還可以share advertising costs. 除此之外呢，變成franchise restaurant后還可以吸引顧客，就像人們喜歡nationally known clothing stores一樣，人們知道what to expect(之類的)，所以人們也會喜歡連鎖餐飲店。因此作者說Cindy's Sandwich Shop應(yīng)該加入Megaburger family, 給顧客提供他們想要的服務(wù)。
V4一個 National Fast Food chain的director說服一個叫Cindy's Local Sandwich Shop加入他們的franchise, Cindy currently has 2 local restaurants in Tomville. Director說加入我們連鎖好處有 1. 批量進(jìn)貨 shared advertising expense - 省錢 2. Standard menu, so customers already know what to order and know what kind of food quality they can expectn 3. Clothing store franchise has been successful. Join us now. 雙贏。
參考思路
1. 錯誤因果：批量進(jìn)貨以及shared advertising expense并不能說明sandwich shop一定能節(jié)省成本。
2. 錯誤類比：sandwich shop和clothing store錯誤類比，clothing store franchise has been successful 不表示sandwich shop加入了national fast food chain也會成功。
3. 無端假設(shè)： 當(dāng)local restaurant加入了national fast food chain不代表一定能吸引顧客，可能反而會失去老顧客。
二.Citrus Fruits
說的是什么近10年來，某種水果的價格上升，然而導(dǎo)致客觀因素只有unfavorable weather。所以政府應(yīng)該對果農(nóng)們采取措施，讓他們降低價格。
原題
The following is taken from an editorial in a local newspaper.
“Over the past decade, the price per pound of citrus fruit has increased substantially. Eleven years ago, Megamart charged 5 cents apiece for lemons, but today it commonly charges over 30 cents apiece. In only one of these last eleven years was the weather unfavorable for growing citrus crops. Evidently, then, citrus growers have been responsible for the excessive increase in the price of citrus fruit, and strict pricing regulations are needed to prevent them from continuing to inflate prices.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
參考思路
天氣狀況不是影響產(chǎn)量的因素，害蟲的情況，土壤等自然環(huán)境，還有競爭者的存在，甚至管理水平等。另外產(chǎn)量也不應(yīng)該是提價的因素，完全有可能是整體通貨膨脹，還有成本的提升的。
1. Causal oversimplification：是否出了 citrus growers以外 沒有其他因數(shù)導(dǎo)致了價格的上漲?。還有，比如環(huán)境保護(hù)，加工價格上升，人力成本上升，或者單純的物價上漲。。。Monetary inflation, increased distribution and labor costs, or alterations in supply and demand conditions the growers’ desire for increased profits.
2. 充分條件: Only way to combat increased price is through government intervention.
3. 無關(guān)假設(shè)：天氣好 果樹的產(chǎn)量一定高。因為種植柑橘的農(nóng)民已經(jīng)動用了可用的資源了，產(chǎn)量無法再多
4. 錯誤類別 or Hasty generalization：檸檬是不是可以橘類水果類比，或者說，檸檬有其特殊性，譬如檸檬都是進(jìn)口的，比較貴。
【參考范文】
In this editorial the author argues for the imposition of strict pricing regulations in order to prevent citrus growers from continued inflation of prices of citrus fruit. The need for such regulation is supported by the author’s contention that citrus growers have been unnecessarily raising prices of citrus fruit in the past. The evidence for this allegation is the fact that the price of lemons at Megamart has increased from 15 cents per pound to over a dollar a pound during the preceding 11-year period. The author maintains that this increase is unjustifiable because weather conditions have been favorable to citrus production in all but one of those years. This argument is flawed for several reasons.
First and foremost, the author assumes that the only factor that influences the price of citrus fruit is the weather. Other factors such as monetary inflation, increased distribution and labor costs, or alterations in supply and demand conditions are completely ignored as possible sources for the increase. The charge that citrus growers have unnecessarily raised prices can be sustained only if these and other possible factors can be completely ruled out as contributing to the price increases. Since the author fails to address these factors, the recommendation calling for strict pricing regulations can be dismissed out of hand as frivolous.
Second, the author assumes that the only way to combat increased prices is through government intervention. In a free enterprise system many other means of affecting the pricing of goods are available. For example, boycotting a product and thereby influencing supply and demand conditions of the commodity is an effective means of influencing the price of the product. In a free market economy the call for price regulation by the government should occur only when all other means to rectify the problem have been exhausted.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument it would be necessary to show that the only factor influencing the price increases is the growers’ desire for increased profits.
