英語中的“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”結(jié)構(gòu)在語義上可分為以下兩類:
一、在含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,若賓語從句是表否定意義,而且主句中含有表看法的動(dòng)詞think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí),則習(xí)慣上把賓語從句中的否定詞not前移到主句的謂語動(dòng)詞中。即主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用否定式,而從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用肯定式。如:
I don't think it's necessary to read this book. 我認(rèn)為沒有必要去讀這本書。
I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回來。
二、在表感覺的動(dòng)詞“appear, feel like, seem, look, feel, sound, as if + 從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句的否定詞常移到這些動(dòng)詞或短語的前面。如:
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看來他們不知道往哪去。
It doesn't sound as if he knew what had happened. 聽起來他好像不知道剛才所發(fā)生的事情。
It doesn't look like it's going to rain. 看起來好像不會(huì)下雨。
注意:若謂語動(dòng)詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。
此外,還要注意以下否定轉(zhuǎn)移情況:
一、當(dāng)由until作為連詞或介詞所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句或短語中含有否定詞時(shí),常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語動(dòng)詞中,構(gòu)成“...not...until...”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
He doesn't go to bed until eleven every night. 他每晚直到11點(diǎn)才睡覺。
二、在一些部分否定中,也可將否定謂語動(dòng)詞的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主語上。如:
Not all the people knew the truth. (=All the people didn't know the truth.)
并不是所有的人都知道事情的真相。
【注意】下列情況通常不用進(jìn)行否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
1、主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為一般過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)時(shí)。例如:
He thought that it was not his duty to help Tom. 他認(rèn)為幫助湯姆不是他的責(zé)任。
2、主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為過去進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)。例如:
Mary was thinking the room was not hot enough.瑪麗在想那房間還不夠熱。
3、主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)。例如:
We have supposed we will not trouble you again.我們想我們不會(huì)再麻煩你了。
4、當(dāng)think用在疑問句中時(shí),一般不要求否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
Why do you think we can’t change your note? 你為什么認(rèn)為我們換不開你的鈔票呢?
Do you think my mother wouldn’t permit this? 你認(rèn)為我媽媽不會(huì)答應(yīng)嗎?
5、當(dāng)主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí),不屬于否定轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
The boss must think I am not fit for the job.老板一定認(rèn)為我不適合這項(xiàng)工作。
6、當(dāng)主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞被加強(qiáng)語氣的助動(dòng)詞do, does, did修飾時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
I do think it is wise of her to say so.我確實(shí)認(rèn)為她這么說是明智的。
I do believe she doesn’t tell a lie. 我真的相信她沒有撒謊。
7、當(dāng)賓語從句中有no, never, hardly等否定詞時(shí),否定通常不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
I believe Tom never tells a lie.我相信湯姆從來不撒謊。
8、當(dāng)賓語從句中含有not at all, not a bit, not…enough, can’t help doing等一些固定詞組時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
I think she is not tired at all.我想她一點(diǎn)也不累。
I think I can’t help laughing if I see it.我想我看見它時(shí)會(huì)忍不住大笑。
一、在含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,若賓語從句是表否定意義,而且主句中含有表看法的動(dòng)詞think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí),則習(xí)慣上把賓語從句中的否定詞not前移到主句的謂語動(dòng)詞中。即主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用否定式,而從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用肯定式。如:
I don't think it's necessary to read this book. 我認(rèn)為沒有必要去讀這本書。
I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回來。
二、在表感覺的動(dòng)詞“appear, feel like, seem, look, feel, sound, as if + 從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句的否定詞常移到這些動(dòng)詞或短語的前面。如:
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看來他們不知道往哪去。
It doesn't sound as if he knew what had happened. 聽起來他好像不知道剛才所發(fā)生的事情。
It doesn't look like it's going to rain. 看起來好像不會(huì)下雨。
注意:若謂語動(dòng)詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。
此外,還要注意以下否定轉(zhuǎn)移情況:
一、當(dāng)由until作為連詞或介詞所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句或短語中含有否定詞時(shí),常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語動(dòng)詞中,構(gòu)成“...not...until...”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
He doesn't go to bed until eleven every night. 他每晚直到11點(diǎn)才睡覺。
二、在一些部分否定中,也可將否定謂語動(dòng)詞的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主語上。如:
Not all the people knew the truth. (=All the people didn't know the truth.)
并不是所有的人都知道事情的真相。
【注意】下列情況通常不用進(jìn)行否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
1、主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為一般過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)時(shí)。例如:
He thought that it was not his duty to help Tom. 他認(rèn)為幫助湯姆不是他的責(zé)任。
2、主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為過去進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)。例如:
Mary was thinking the room was not hot enough.瑪麗在想那房間還不夠熱。
3、主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)。例如:
We have supposed we will not trouble you again.我們想我們不會(huì)再麻煩你了。
4、當(dāng)think用在疑問句中時(shí),一般不要求否定轉(zhuǎn)移。
Why do you think we can’t change your note? 你為什么認(rèn)為我們換不開你的鈔票呢?
Do you think my mother wouldn’t permit this? 你認(rèn)為我媽媽不會(huì)答應(yīng)嗎?
5、當(dāng)主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí),不屬于否定轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
The boss must think I am not fit for the job.老板一定認(rèn)為我不適合這項(xiàng)工作。
6、當(dāng)主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞被加強(qiáng)語氣的助動(dòng)詞do, does, did修飾時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
I do think it is wise of her to say so.我確實(shí)認(rèn)為她這么說是明智的。
I do believe she doesn’t tell a lie. 我真的相信她沒有撒謊。
7、當(dāng)賓語從句中有no, never, hardly等否定詞時(shí),否定通常不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
I believe Tom never tells a lie.我相信湯姆從來不撒謊。
8、當(dāng)賓語從句中含有not at all, not a bit, not…enough, can’t help doing等一些固定詞組時(shí),否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
I think she is not tired at all.我想她一點(diǎn)也不累。
I think I can’t help laughing if I see it.我想我看見它時(shí)會(huì)忍不住大笑。